Torque Converter Market by Transmission Type (AT, CVT, and DCT), Component (Clutch Plate, Damper, Impeller, Turbine, and Stator), Vehicle (Passenger Car and Commercial Vehicle), Hybrid Vehicle (HEV and PHEV), Aftermarket, and Region - Global Forecast to 2025

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION 14

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 14
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 14
1.3 MARKET SCOPE 15
1.3.1 YEARS CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY 15
1.4 CURRENCY 16
1.5 PACKAGE SIZE 16
1.6 LIMITATIONS 16
1.7 STAKEHOLDERS 16

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 17

2.1 RESEARCH DATA 17
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 18
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 18
2.2 DATA TRIANGULATION 19
2.3 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION 19
2.3.1 OE MARKET 20
2.3.2 AFTERMARKET 21
2.4 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 22

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 24
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 31

4.1 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET: ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR MANUFACTURERS 31
4.2 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY COUNTRY 32
4.3 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE 32
4.4 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE 33
4.5 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY COMPONENT 33
4.6 TORQUE CONVERTER AFTERMARKET, BY VEHICLE 34

5 MARKET OVERVIEW 35

5.1 INTRODUCTION 35
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 36
5.2.1 DRIVERS 37
5.2.1.1 Increasing sale of hybrid electric vehicles 37
5.2.1.2 Increasing demand for automatics 38
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 40
5.2.2.1 High cost of repairs 40
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 40
5.2.3.1 Increasing use of DCT transmission 40
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 41
5.2.4.1 Increasing popularity of automated manual transmission (AMT) 41
5.2.4.2 Low fuel efficiency in automatic transmission (AT) vehicles 42
5.3 MACRO-INDICATOR ANALYSIS 42
5.3.1 INTRODUCTION 42
5.3.1.1 Premium segment car sales as a percentage of total sales 42
5.3.1.2 GDP (USD billion) 42
5.3.1.3 GNP per capita, atlas method (USD) 42
5.3.1.4 GDP per capita PPP (USD) 43
5.3.2 MACRO INDICATORS INFLUENCING THE TORQUE CONVERTERS MARKET FOR TOP 3 COUNTRIES 43
5.3.2.1 US 43
5.3.2.2 Japan 44
5.3.2.3 Germany 45

6 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE 46

6.1 INTRODUCTION 47
6.2 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION (AT) 48
6.3 CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION (CVT) 49
6.4 DUAL-CLUTCH TRANSMISSION (DCT) 50

7 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY COMPONENT 52

Note - The chapter is further segmented at regional level and regions considered are Asia Oceania, Europe, North America, and RoW
7.1 INTRODUCTION 53
7.2 CLUTCH PLATE 55
7.3 DAMPER 56
7.4 IMPELLER 57
7.5 STATOR 58
7.6 TURBINE 59
7.7 OTHER COMPONENTS 60

8 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE 61

Note - The chapter is further segmented at regional level and regions considered are Asia Oceania, Europe, North America, and RoW
8.1 INTRODUCTION 62
8.2 PASSENGER CAR 64
8.3 COMMERCIAL VEHICLE 65
 

9 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY HYBRID VEHICLE TYPE 66

Note - The chapter is further segmented at regional level and regions considered are Asia Oceania, Europe, North America, and RoW
9.1 INTRODUCTION 67
9.2 HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE (HEV) 68
9.3 PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE (PHEV) 69

10 TORQUE CONVERTER AFTERMARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE 71

Note - The chapter is further segmented at regional level and regions considered are Asia Oceania, Europe, North America, and RoW
10.1 INTRODUCTION 72
10.2 PASSENGER CAR 73
10.3 COMMERCIAL VEHICLE 74

11 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY REGION 76

Note - The chapter is further segmented at country level and transmission types considered are Automatic Transmission (AT), Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) and Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT)
11.1 INTRODUCTION 77
11.2 ASIA OCEANIA 79
11.2.1 CHINA 82
11.2.2 JAPAN 83
11.2.3 SOUTH KOREA 84
11.2.4 INDIA 85
11.3 EUROPE 86
11.3.1 GERMANY 87
11.3.2 FRANCE 88
11.3.3 UK 89
11.3.4 SPAIN 90
11.4 NORTH AMERICA 91
11.4.1 US 95
11.4.2 CANADA 96
11.4.3 MEXICO 97
11.5 REST OF THE WORLD (ROW) 98
11.5.1 BRAZIL 99
11.5.2 RUSSIA 100
 

12 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 102

12.1 OVERVIEW 102
12.2 MARKET RANKING ANALYSIS 102
12.3 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO 103
12.3.1 NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS 103
12.3.2 MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS 104
12.3.3 PARTNERSHIPS/SUPPLY CONTRACTS/COLLABORATIONS/JVS 104
12.3.4 EXPANSIONS 105

13 COMPANY PROFILES 106

(Overview, Strength of Product Portfolio, Product Offerings, Business Strategy Excellence & Recent Developments)*
13.1 SCHAEFFLER 106
13.2 ZF 110
13.3 AISIN 113
13.4 VALEO 116
13.5 KAPEC 119
13.6 TRANSTAR. 121
13.7 EXEDY 123
13.8 YUTAKA GIKEN 125
13.9 BORGWARNER 127
13.10 SONNAX INDUSTRIES 130
*Details on Overview, Strength of Product Portfolio, Product Offerings, Business Strategy Excellence & Recent Developments might not be captured in case of unlisted companies.
14 APPENDIX 132

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES (PER USD) 16
TABLE 2 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET ASSUMPTION 22
TABLE 3 TORQUE CONVERTOR MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 47
TABLE 4 TORQUE CONVERTOR MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 48
TABLE 5 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 48
TABLE 6 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 49
TABLE 7 CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET,
BY REGION, 2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 49
TABLE 8 CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET,
BY REGION, 2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 50
TABLE 9 DUAL CLUTCH TRANSMISSION: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 50
TABLE 10 DUAL CLUTCH TRANSMISSION: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 51
TABLE 11 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT,
2015–2025 (MILLION UNITS) 54
TABLE 12 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY COMPONENT, 2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 54
TABLE 13 TORQUE CONVERTER: CLUTCH PLATE MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (MILLION UNITS) 55
TABLE 14 TORQUE CONVERTER: CLUTCH PLATE MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 55
TABLE 15 TORQUE CONVERTER: DAMPER MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (MILLION UNITS) 56
TABLE 16 TORQUE CONVERTER: DAMPER MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 56
TABLE 17 TORQUE CONVERTER: IMPELLER MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (MILLION UNITS) 57
TABLE 18 TORQUE CONVERTER: IMPELLER MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 57
TABLE 19 TORQUE CONVERTER: STATOR MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (MILLION UNITS) 58
TABLE 20 TORQUE CONVERTER: STATOR MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 58
TABLE 21 TORQUE CONVERTER: TURBINE MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (MILLION UNITS) 59
TABLE 22 TORQUE CONVERTER: TURBINE MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 59
TABLE 23 TORQUE CONVERTER: OTHER COMPONENTS MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 60
TABLE 24 TORQUE CONVERTER: MARKET SIZE, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 63
TABLE 25 TORQUE CONVERTER: MARKET SIZE, BY VEHICLE TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 63
TABLE 26 TORQUE CONVERTER: PASSENGER CAR MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 64
TABLE 27 TORQUE CONVERTER: PASSENGER CAR MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 64
TABLE 28 TORQUE CONVERTER: COMMERCIAL VEHICLE MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 65
TABLE 29 TORQUE CONVERTER: COMMERCIAL VEHICLE MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 65
TABLE 30 TORQUE CONVERTER: HYBRID VEHICLE MARKET SIZE, BY HYBRID VEHICLE TYPE, 2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 67
TABLE 31 TORQUE CONVERTER: HYBRID VEHICLE MARKET SIZE, BY HYBRID VEHICLE TYPE, 2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 68
TABLE 32 TOP SELLING HEV WITH AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION, BY REGION, 2016 68
TABLE 33 HEV TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 69
TABLE 34 HEV TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 69
TABLE 35 TOP SELLING PHEV WITH AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION, BY REGION, 2016 70
TABLE 36 TORQUE CONVERTER: PHEV MARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 70
TABLE 37 TORQUE CONVERTER: PHEV MARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 70
TABLE 38 TORQUE CONVERTER AFTERMARKET SIZE, BY VEHICLE TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 72
TABLE 39 TORQUE CONVERTER AFTERMARKET SIZE, BY VEHICLE TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 72
TABLE 40 PASSENGER CAR TORQUE CONVERTER AFTERMARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 73
TABLE 41 PASSENGER CAR TORQUE CONVERTER AFTERMARKET SIZE, BY REGION,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 74
TABLE 42 COMMERCIAL VEHICLE TORQUE CONVERTER AFTERMARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 75
TABLE 43 COMMERCIAL VEHICLE TORQUE CONVERTER AFTERMARKET SIZE, BY REGION, 2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 75
TABLE 44 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY REGION, 2015-2025 (‘000 UNITS) 77
TABLE 45 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY REGION, 2015-2025 (USD MILLION) 78
TABLE 46 ASIA OCEANIA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE, 2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 81
TABLE 47 ASIA OCEANIA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE, 2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 81
TABLE 48 CHINA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 82
TABLE 49 CHINA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 82
TABLE 50 JAPAN: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 83
TABLE 51 JAPAN: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 83
TABLE 52 SOUTH KOREA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE, 2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 84
TABLE 53 SOUTH KOREA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE, 2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 84
TABLE 54 INDIA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 85
TABLE 55 INDIA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 85
TABLE 56 EUROPE: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 86
TABLE 57 EUROPE: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 87
TABLE 58 GERMANY: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 87
TABLE 59 GERMANY: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 88
TABLE 60 FRANCE: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 88
TABLE 61 FRANCE: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 89
TABLE 62 UK: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 89
TABLE 63 UK: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 90
TABLE 64 SPAIN: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 90
TABLE 65 SPAIN: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 91
TABLE 66 NORTH AMERICA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE, 2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 94
TABLE 67 NORTH AMERICA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE, 2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 94
TABLE 68 US: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 95
TABLE 69 US: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 95
TABLE 70 CANADA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 96
TABLE 71 CANADA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 96
TABLE 72 MEXICO: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 97
TABLE 73 MEXICO: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 97
TABLE 74 ROW: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 98
TABLE 75 ROW: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 99
TABLE 76 BRAZIL: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 99
TABLE 77 BRAZIL: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 100
TABLE 78 RUSSIA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (‘000 UNITS) 100
TABLE 79 RUSSIA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SIZE, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD MILLION) 101
TABLE 80 NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, 2015–2016 103
TABLE 81 MERGERS & ACQUISITIONS, 2015 104
TABLE 82 PARTNERSHIPS/SUPPLY CONTRACTS/COLLABORATIONS/JOINT VENTURES, 2017 104
TABLE 83 EXPANSIONS, 2015–2017 105

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1 MARKET SEGMENTATION: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET 15
FIGURE 2 TORQUE CONVERTERS MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN 17
FIGURE 3 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS: BY COMPANY, DESIGNATION,
AND REGION 18
FIGURE 4 TORQUE CONVERTER OE MARKET: BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 20
FIGURE 5 TORQUE CONVERTER AFTERMARKET: BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 21
FIGURE 6 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2017 VS 2025 (USD BILLION) 24
FIGURE 7 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY COMPONENT, 2017 VS 2025 (USD BILLION) 25
FIGURE 8 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2017 VS 2025 (USD BILLION) 26
FIGURE 9 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY HYBRID VEHICLE TYPE,
2017 VS 2025 (USD MILLION) 27
FIGURE 10 TORQUE CONVERTER AFTERMARKET, BY REGION, 2017 VS 2025 (USD BILLION) 28
FIGURE 11 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY REGION, 2017 29
FIGURE 12 GROWING DEMAND FOR AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS TO DRIVE THE GROWTH IN THE TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET 31
FIGURE 13 ITALY TO BE THE FASTEST GROWING MARKET FOR TORQUE CONVERTERS FROM 2017 TO 2025 32
FIGURE 14 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET FOR CVT & DCT TRANSMISSION TO GAIN MARKET SHARE BY 2025 (USD BILLION) 32
FIGURE 15 PASSENGER CAR TO BE THE LARGEST AND FASTEST GROWING MARKET FOR TORQUE CONVERTER, 2017 VS 2025 (USD BILLION) 33
FIGURE 16 IMPELLOR TO BE THE LARGEST COMPONENT MARKET FOR TORQUE CONVERTER, 2017 VS 2025 (USD BILLION) 33
FIGURE 17 PASSENGER CAR SEGMENT TO BE THE LARGEST AFTERMARKET FOR TORQUE CONVERTERS, BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD BILLION) 34
FIGURE 18 MARKET DYNAMICS: AUTOMOTIVE TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET 36
FIGURE 19 US, JAPAN, CHINA, GERMANY, AND UK HEV SALES, 2011 VS 2016 37
FIGURE 20 US, CHINA, JAPAN, GERMANY, UK PHEV SALES, 2011 VS 2016 38
FIGURE 21 GLOBAL AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION PRODUCTION (2013, 2017 & 2022) 39
FIGURE 22 GLOBAL CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION PRODUCTION
(2013, 2017 & 2022) 39
FIGURE 23 GLOBAL DCT PRODUCTION (2013, 2017 & 2022) 41
FIGURE 24 US: MACRO INDICATORS AFFECTING TORQUE CONVERTERS MARKET 43
FIGURE 25 JAPAN: MACRO INDICATORS AFFECTING TORQUE CONVERTERS MARKET 44
FIGURE 26 GERMANY: MACRO INDICATORS AFFECTING TORQUE CONVERTERS MARKET 45
FIGURE 27 GLOBAL TORQUE CONVERTOR MARKET, BY TRANSMISSION TYPE,
2015–2025 (USD BILLION) 47
FIGURE 28 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY COMPONENT, 2017 VS 2025 (USD BILLION) 53
FIGURE 29 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE, 2017 VS 2025 62
FIGURE 30 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY HYBRID VEHICLE TYPE,
2017 VS 2025 (USD MILLION) 67
FIGURE 31 TORQUE CONVERTER AFTERMARKET, BY REGION, 2017–2025 (USD BILLION) 72
FIGURE 32 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY REGION, 2017 VS 2025 (USD BILLION) 77
FIGURE 33 ASIA OCEANIA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY COUNTRY,
2017 VS 2025 (USD MILLION) 79
FIGURE 34 ASIA OCEANIA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SNAPSHOT 80
FIGURE 35 EUROPE: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY COUNTRY,
2017 VS 2025 (USD MILLION) 86
FIGURE 36 NORTH AMERICA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY COUNTRY,
2017 VS 2025 (USD MILLION) 92
FIGURE 37 NORTH AMERICA: TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET SNAPSHOT 93
FIGURE 38 REST OF THE WORLD (ROW): TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET, BY COUNTRY,
2017 VS 2025 (USD MILLION) 98
FIGURE 39 TORQUE CONVERTER MARKET RANKING, 2016 102
FIGURE 40 SCHAEFFLER: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 106
FIGURE 41 ZF: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 110
FIGURE 42 AISIN GROUP: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 113
FIGURE 43 VALEO: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 116
FIGURE 44 EXEDY: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 123
FIGURE 45 YUTAKA GIKEN: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 125
FIGURE 46 BORGWARNER: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 127

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