次世代エネルギー産業・グリーン経済の国際リサーチ情報サイト

栄養補助食品の世界市場:製品タイプ別2023年予測

Nutraceuticals: Global Markets to 2023

出版元:BCC Research (米国)LinkIconBCCリサーチについて
発行年:2018年6月
定価 Single User License(1名様ライセンス)US$5,500 (米国ドル) /2 to 5 Users License(5名様)$6,600 /Site License $7.920 / Enterprise License $9,504
ご予算に応じた各種ご提案も承ります。詳細はお問い合わせください。
ご請求は円換算(お見積り日TTSレート)となります。
納品形態:PDF by Email
当調査レポートは英文 ページになります。
商品コード:BCC

お問い合わせ、お見積りのリクエストは下のボタンをクリックしてご入力ください。



【レポート紹介】pic_BCC_report_F.jpeg
栄養補助食品の世界市場規模は2018年段階の推計2309億ドルから、今後2023年には3361億ドル市場に達すると予測されます。
当レポートでは、栄養補助食品の市場ダイナミクス、製品別市場予測、材料別市場予測、用途別市場予測、主要地域別市場、市場分析(SWOT分析、PESTLE分析)、サプライチェーン/バリューチェーン分析、競合状況、主要企業プロフィール、特許分析などを盛り込み、概略以下の構成でお届けいたします。

【レポート構成概要】
◆イントロダクション
・調査目的
・調査対象
・調査手法

◆サマリーと調査ハイライト

◆世界の栄養補助食品産業の概要
・機能性食品/飲料/サプリメントの進化
・栄養補助食品の新興ニーズ
・様々なパラメータに基づく栄養補助食品の分類
・栄養補助食品産業の概要

◆市場ドライバー/障壁
・機能性食品の市場ドライバー
・栄養補助食品の障壁

◆市場ダイナミクス
・世界の栄養補助食品市場におけるマーケティング/ビジネス戦略
・高齢化、販売への影響

◆栄養補助食品の国際的規制
・国際栄養補助食品規制の概要
・栄養補助食品の通知/登録ベースシステム
・栄養食品サプリメント関連団体の国際的連携
・様々な地域での通知/登録ベースシステムのステータス
・栄養補助食品に関連するクレームの国際規制

◆栄養補助食品:製品別市場-2023年
機能性食品
・製菓
・ベーカリー
・スナック
・乳製品(飲料以外)
・肉
・穀物と小麦粉
・冷凍フルーツ/野菜
・その他

機能性飲料
・非炭酸飲料
・乳飲料
・フルーツ/野菜ジュース
・紅茶、コーヒー
・その他

ダイエットサプリメント

◆栄養補助食品:材料別市場-2023年
・ビタミン、ミネラル
・プロバイオティクス
・ファイバー
・オメガ3
・タンパク質、ペプチド
・ファイトケミカル

◆栄養補助食品:用途別市場-2023年
・スポーツ、エネルギー
・一般的ウェルネス
・体重管理
・心臓の健康
・GI、消化器の健康
・美容、アンチエイジング
・2型糖尿病
・記憶力、メンタルヘルス

◆栄養補助食品:主要地域別市場-2023年
・北米
・欧州
・アジア太平洋
・中南米
※主要地域別の細分化データ掲載

◆市場分析
・PESTEL分析
・SWOT分析

◆サプライチェーン/バリューチェーン分析

◆競合状況
・市場シェア
・業界構造分析(ファイブフォース分析)

◆栄養補助食品:主要企業プロフィール動向
・ABBOTT LABORATORIES INC.
・ADVANCED ORTHOMOLECULAR RESEARCH INC.
・味の素株式会社
・ARISTA INDUSTRIES
・ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND CO.
・BASF SE
・BAXTER INTERNATIONAL INC.
・BENEO-ORAFTI S.A.
・B. BRAUN MEISUNGEN AG
・BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM
・CARGILL INC.
・COSUCRA GROUPE WARCOING S.A.
・CRODA INTERNATIONAL PLC
・DANISCO ALS
・GROUPE DANONE S.A.
・HOSPIRA
・INOVOBIOLOGIC INC.
・MARTEK BIOSCIENCES CORP.
・MEAD JOHNSON NUTRITIONAL GROUP
・NANTON NUTRACEUTICALS LTD.
・NESTLE NUTRITION
・NORDIC NATURALS
・OCEAN NUTRITION CANADA LTD.
・OMEGA PROTEIN CORP.
・PHARMA MARINE AS
・QEVA VELVET PRODUCTS CORP.
・ZYMES LLC

◆栄養補助食品:国際特許分析

◆付録

(全205頁)
【レポート詳細目次、データ項目一覧は当ページ下を参照ください】

英文詳細目次(table of contents)

【原文詳細目次】

Nutraceuticals: Global Markets to 2023

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Market Definition
Study Goals and Objectives
Reasons for Doing This Study
Scope of Report
Information Sources
Intended Audience
Methodology
Geographic Breakdown
Analyst's Credentials
Related BCC Research Reports

Chapter 2 Summary and Highlights

Chapter 3 Overview of the Global Nutraceutical Industry

Introduction
Evolution of Functional Foods, Beverages and Supplements
Emerging Needs for Nutraceutical Products
Nutraceutical Classification based on Various Parameters
Nutraceutical Industry Overview
Research Needs of Nutraceutical Industry
Rising Doubts about Benefits of Nutraceutical Products
Market Strategies
Increasingly Aging Populations
Rising Healthcare Costs
Consumer Inclination Towards Self-Medication
Use of Modern Technologies for More Effiency
Presence of Fewer Contract Manufacturers in the Industry
Key Players Investing on New Product Development
Market Entry Requirements
Use of Modern Technologies

Chapter 4 Market Drivers and Barriers

Introduction
Market Drivers for Functional Food
Consumer Concern for Well-Being
Functional Food Acceptability
Taste Drives the Functional Food Market
Product Innovation
Product Innovation and Health Claims
Market Drivers for Key Players in the Market
Barriers to Nutraceuticals
Consumer Attitudes toward Nutraceutical Products
Finding Perfect Raw Ingredients
Stiff Competition in the Market
Stringent International Legislations
Consumer Perception

Chapter 5 Market Dynamics

Introduction
Marketing and Business Strategies in the Global Nutraceutical Market
Aging Population and Impact on Sales

Chapter 6 International Regulations for Nutraceutical Products

Overview of International Nutraceutical Regulations
North America
Europe
Asia-Pacific
Notification and Registration-based Systems for Nutraceutical Products
Codex Alimentarius (Food Code)
Brief History
Members
Need for Codex
The Commission for Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CNFSDU) of CODEX
FOSHU Labeling Regulation
International Alliance of Dietary Food Supplement Associations
Notification-based System
Registration-based System
Notification and Registration-based System Status in Various Regions
International Regulation of Claims Pertaining to Nutraceuticals
United States: Regulations for Nutraceutical Companies and Products
Canada: Regulations for Nutraceutical Companies and Products
E.U.: Regulations for Nutraceutical Companies and Products
Russia: Regulations for Nutraceutical Companies and Products
Asia-Pacific: Regulations for Nutraceutical Companies and Products
Japan: Regulations for Nutraceutical Companies and Products
Japan Labeling and Laws
India: Regulations for Nutraceutical Companies and Products
China: Regulations for Nutraceutical Companies and Products
Africa: Regulations for Nutraceutical Companies and Products
Australia and New Zealand: Regulations for Nutraceutical Companies and Products

Chapter 7 Market Breakdown by Product

Introduction
Functional Food
Confectionery
Bakery
Snacks
Dairy Non-drinkable
Meat
Grain and Flour
Frozen Fruits & Vegetables
Other Functional Foods
Functional Beverages
Non-carbonated Drinks
Dairy Drinkable
Frozen Juices
Tea and Coffee
Green Tea
Black Tea and Ice Tea
Functional Coffee
Others Functional Beverages
Dietary Supplements

Chapter 8 Market Breakdown by Ingredients

Introduction
Nutraceutical Ingredients for Food Application
Nutraceutical Ingredients for Beverage Application
Nutraceutical Ingredients for Dietary Supplement Application
Vitamins and Minerals
Probiotics
Fiber
Whole Grains
High-fiber Food
Beta-Glucan
Omega-3
Protein and Peptides
Protein Types
Soy Protein
Whey
Amino Acids
Phytochemicals
Plant Sterols

Chapter 9 Market Breakdown by Application

Introduction
Global Nutraceutical Market by Application: Key Findings
Sports and Energy
General Wellness
Weight Management
Functional Breakfast
Satiety Products
Heart Health
GI and Digestive Health
Beauty and Anti-Aging
Type 2 Diabetes
Memory and Mental Health

Chapter 10 Market Breakdown by Region

Introduction
North America
Nutraceutical Market by Country
Market Estimation by Segment
Europe
Nutraceutical Market by Country
Market Estimation by Segment
Asia-Pacific Region
Nutraceutical Market by Country
Market Estimation by Segment
South America
Nutraceutical Market by Country
Nutraceutical Market Estimation by Segment

Chapter 11 Market Analysis

Introduction
Pestle Analysis
SWOT Analysis of Nutraceutical Market

Chapter 12 Supply and Value Chain Analysis

Role of Supply Chain in the Nutraceutical Industry
Supply Chain Becoming Part Nutraceutical Company Strategy
Nutraceutical Industry: Supply Chain Strategy
Distribution of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
Nutraceutical Value Chain
Nutraceutical Sales Channels
Identification of Value Added Services

Chapter 13 Competitive Landscape

Introduction
Strategy by Type
Nutraceuticals Market Share
Porter's Five Forces: Global Nutraceutical Market
Bargaining Powers of Buyers
Bargaining Powers of Suppliers
Threat of New Entrants
Threat from Substitutes
Market Competition

Chapter 14 Company Profiles

Introduction
ABBOTT LABORATORIES INC.
ADVANCED ORTHOMOLECULAR RESEARCH INC.
AJINOMOTO CO., INC.
ARISTA INDUSTRIES
ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND CO.
BASF SE
BAXTER INTERNATIONAL INC.
BENEO-ORAFTI S.A.
B. BRAUN MEISUNGEN AG
BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM
CARGILL INC.
COSUCRA GROUPE WARCOING S.A.
CRODA INTERNATIONAL PLC
DANISCO ALS
GROUPE DANONE S.A.
HOSPIRA
INOVOBIOLOGIC INC.
MARTEK BIOSCIENCES CORP.
MEAD JOHNSON NUTRITIONAL GROUP
NANTON NUTRACEUTICALS LTD.
NESTLE NUTRITION
NORDIC NATURALS
OCEAN NUTRITION CANADA LTD.
OMEGA PROTEIN CORP.
PHARMA MARINE AS
QEVA VELVET PRODUCTS CORP.
ZYMES LLC

Chapter 15 International Nutraceutical Patents Analysis

Nutraceutical Patent Publications Trend

Chapter 16 Appendix: Abbreviations

List of Tables

Summary Table : Global Nutraceutical Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 1 : Overview of Definitions and Regulations for Nutraceuticals Products
Table 2 : Nutraceutical Industry Basics
Table 3 : Overview of Nutraceutical Substances, Grouped by Food Source
Table 4 : Overview of Foods with Higher Content of Specific Nutraceutical Substances
Table 5 : Notification Versus Registration Submissions for Foods, Supplements, and Nutraceuticals
Table 6 : Notification or Registration for Foods/Supplements
Table 7 : Health Claim Category Set by Japan Health and Nutrition Food Association
Table 8 : Herbal Medicine Regulation in Select African Countries
Table 9 : Food Legislations in Various Countries
Table 10 : Global Functional Food Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 11 : Global Functional Food Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 12 : Global Nutraceutical Confectionery Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 13 : Global Nutraceutical Bakery Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 14 : Global Nutraceutical Snacks Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 15 : Global Nutraceutical Dairy Non-drinkable Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 16 : Global Nutraceutical Meat Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 17 : Global Nutraceutical Grain and Flour Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 18 : Global Nutraceutical Frozen Fruits & Vegetables Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 19 : Superfruits, by Content Analysis
Table 20 : Global Other Nutraceutical Food Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 21 : Global Functional Beverages Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 22 : Global Functional Beverages Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 23 : Global Nutraceutical Non-carbonated Drinks Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 24 : Global Nutraceutical Dairy Drinkable Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 25 : Global Nutraceutical Fruits & Vegetables Juices Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 26 : Global Nutraceutical Tea and Coffee Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 27 : Global Other Nutraceutical Beverages Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 28 : Global Dietary Supplements Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 29 : Global Nutraceutical Dietary Supplements Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 30 : Terpenes: Ingredients and Health Claims
Table 31 : Phenols: Ingredients and Health Claims
Table 32 : Fatty Acid and Lipid: Ingredients and Health Claims
Table 33 : Sugar and Carbohydrates: Ingredients and Health Claims
Table 34 : Fermentation Microorganisms: Ingredients and Health Claims
Table 35 : Amino Acids and Proteins: Ingredients and Health Claims
Table 36 : Others: Ingredients and Health Claims
Table 37 : Global Nutraceutical Ingredients Market, by Ingredient, Through 2023
Table 38 : Global Nutraceutical Food Market, by Ingredient, Through 2023
Table 39 : Global Nutraceutical Beverage Market, by Ingredient, Through 2023
Table 40 : Global Nutraceutical Supplement Market, by Ingredient, Through 2023
Table 41 : Global Nutraceutical Vitamins and Minerals Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 42 : Global Nutraceutical Probiotics Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 43 : Dietary Fiber: Ingredients and Health Claims
Table 44 : Global Nutraceutical Fiber Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 45 : Global Nutraceutical Omega-3 Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 46 : Global Nutraceutical Protein and Peptides Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 47 : Global Nutraceutical Phytochemical Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 48 : Global Nutraceutical Market, by Application, Through 2023
Table 49 : Global Nutraceutical Sports and Energy Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 50 : Global Nutraceutical General Wellness Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 51 : Global Nutraceutical Weight Management Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 52 : Global Nutraceutical Heart Health Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 53 : Global Nutraceutical GI and Digestive Health Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 54 : Global Nutraceutical Beauty and Aging Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 55 : Global Nutraceutical Type 2 Diabetes Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 56 : Global Nutraceutical Memory and Mental Health Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 57 : Global Nutraceutical Market, by Region, Through 2023
Table 58 : North America Nutraceutical Market, by Country, Through 2023
Table 59 : North America Nutraceutical Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 60 : North America Functional Food Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 61 : North America Functional Beverages Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 62 : North America Nutraceutical Market, by Application, Through 2023
Table 63 : Europe Nutraceutical Market, by Country, Through 2023
Table 64 : Europe Nutraceutical Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 65 : Europe Functional Food Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 66 : Europe Functional Beverages Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 67 : Europe Nutraceutical Market, by Application, Through 2023
Table 68 : Asia-Pacific Nutraceutical Market, by Country, Through 2023
Table 69 : Asia-Pacific Nutraceutical Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 70 : Asia-Pacific Functional Food Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 71 : Asia-Pacific Functional Beverages Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 72 : Asia-Pacific Nutraceutical Market, by Application, Through 2023
Table 73 : South America Nutraceutical Market, by Country, Through 2023
Table 74 : South America Nutraceutical Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 75 : South America Functional Food Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 76 : South America Functional Beverages Market, by Product, Through 2023
Table 77 : South America Nutraceutical Market, by Application, Through 2023
Table 78 : Pestle Analysis for Nutraceuticals
Table 79 : Different Participants in Nutraceutical Distribution Network
Table 80 : Nutraceutical Value Chain: Description
Table 81 : Recent Developments in the Global Nutraceutical Market
Table 82 : Abbott Laboratories: Product Offerings
Table 83 : Advanced Orthomolecular Research, Inc.: Product Offering
Table 84 : Ajinomoto Co., Inc.: Product Offering
Table 85 : Arista Industries: Product Offering
Table 86 : Archer Daniels Midland: Product Offering
Table 87 : BASF SE: Product Offering
Table 88 : Baxter International, Inc.: Product Offering
Table 89 : Beneo-Orafti S.A.: Product Offering
Table 90 : Cargill, Inc.: Product Offering
Table 91 : Cosucra Groupe Warcoing S.A.: Product Offering
Table 92 : Croda International: Product Offering
Table 93 : DuPont: Product Offering
Table 94 : Groupe Danone S.A.: Product Offering
Table 95 : InovoBiologic, Inc.: Product Offering
Table 96 : Royal DSM N.V.: Product Offering
Table 97 : Mead Johnson Nutrition Co.: Product Offering
Table 98 : Nestle: Product Offering
Table 99 : Nordic Naturals: Product Offering
Table 100 : Omega Protein Corp.: Product Offering
Table 101 : Qeva Velvet Products Corp.: Product Offering
Table 102 : List of International Nutraceutical Patents Which have Received Grants, 1994-2018
Table 103 : Abbreviations Used in Nutraceuticals"

List of Figures

Summary Figure : 0Global Nutraceutical Market, by Region, 2017-2023
Figure 1 : Evolution of Nutraceutical and Functional Foods
Figure 2 : Nutraceutical Ingredients for Specific Healthcare Application
Figure 3 : Classifying Nutraceutical Factors based on Chemical Nature
Figure 4 : Grouping Medical Foods into Nutraceutical Category
Figure 5 : Factors Influencing Demand of Nutraceutical Products
Figure 6 : Nutraceutical Industry Drivers
Figure 7 : Market Penetration Strategies in the Nutraceutical Market
Figure 8 : Product Development Strategies in the Nutraceutical Market
Figure 9 : Market Expansion Strategies in the Nutraceutical Market
Figure 10 : Key Responsibilities of the Commission for Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CNFSDU) of Codex
Figure 11 : Major Activities of the International Alliance of Dietary Food Supplement Associations (IADSA)
Figure 12 : Global Functional Food Market, by Product, 2017 and 2023
Figure 13 : Global Nutraceutical Ingredients Market, by Ingredient, 2017 and 2023
Figure 14 : Global Nutraceutical Food Market, by Ingredient, 2017 and 2023
Figure 15 : Global Nutraceutical Phytochemical Market, by Region, 2017 and 2023
Figure 16 : Global Nutraceutical Market, by Application, 2017 and 2023
Figure 17 : Global Nutraceutical Sports and Energy Market Share, by Region, 2017
Figure 18 : Global Nutraceutical General Wellness Market Share, by Region, 2017
Figure 19 : Global Nutraceutical Weight Management Market Share, by Region, 2017
Figure 20 : Global Nutraceutical Heart Health Market Share, by Region, 2017
Figure 21 : Global Nutraceutical GI and Digestive Health Market Share, by Region, 2017
Figure 22 : Global Nutraceutical Beauty and Anti-aging Market Share, by Region, 2017
Figure 23 : Global Nutraceutical Type 2 Diabetes Market Share, by Region, 2017
Figure 24 : Global Nutraceutical Memory and Mental Health Market Share, by Region, 2017
Figure 25 : Global Nutraceutical Market, by Region, 2017 and 2023
Figure 26 : North America Nutraceutical Market, by Country, 2017 and 2023
Figure 27 : North America Nutraceutical Market, by Application, 2017 and 2023
Figure 28 : Europe Nutraceutical Market, by Country, 2017 and 2023
Figure 29 : Europe Functional Food Market, by Product, 2017 and 2023
Figure 30 : Asia-Pacific Nutraceutical Market, by Country, 2017 and 2023
Figure 31 : Asia-Pacific Nutraceutical Market, by Application, 2017 and 2023
Figure 32 : South America Nutraceutical Market, by Country, 2017 and 2023
Figure 33 : South America Nutraceutical Market, by Application, 2017 and 2023
Figure 34 : Overview of Nutraceutical Product Positioning in the Market
Figure 35 : Nutraceutical Market SWOT Analysis: Strengths
Figure 36 : Nutraceutical Market SWOT Analysis: Weaknesses
Figure 37 : Nutraceutical Market SWOT Analysis: Threats
Figure 38 : Nutraceutical Market SWOT Analysis: Opportunities
Figure 39 : Distribution of Vitamins and Supplements
Figure 40 : Nutraceutical Value Chain: Overview
Figure 41 : Global Nutraceutical Market Share, by Key Players
Figure 42 : Porter’s Five Forces: Global Nutraceutical Market
Figure 43 : Bargaining Powers of Buyers: Key Findings
Figure 44 : Nutraceuticals Market, Bargaining Power of Buyers
Figure 45 : Bargaining Powers of Suppliers: Key Findings
Figure 46 : Nutraceuticals Market, Bargaining Power of Suppliers
Figure 47 : Threat of New Entrants: Key Findings
Figure 48 : Nutraceuticals Market, Threat of New Entrants
Figure 49 : Threat from Substitutes: Key Findings
Figure 50 : Nutraceuticals Market, Threat from Substitutes
Figure 51 : Market Competition: Key Findings
Figure 52 : Nutraceuticals Market, Market Competition
Figure 53 : Ajinomoto Co., Inc.: Company Financials, 2014-2017
Figure 54 : Ajinomoto Co., Inc.: Revenue Share, by Business Segment, 2017
Figure 55 : Archer Daniels Midland: Company Financials, 2012-2016
Figure 56 : Archer Daniels Midland: Revenue Share, by Business Segment, 2016
Figure 57 : BASF SE: Company Financials, 2015-2017
Figure 58 : BASF SE: Revenue Share, by Business Segment, 2017
Figure 59 : BASF SE: Revenue Share, by Region, 2017
Figure 60 : Baxter International, Inc.: Company Financials, 2014-2017
Figure 61 : Beneo-Orafti S.A.: Company Financials, 2015-2016
Figure 62 : Beneo-Orafti S.A.: Revenue Share, by Business Segment, 2016
Figure 63 : Cargill, Inc.: Company Financials, 2013-2017
Figure 64 : DuPont: Company Financials, 2012-2016
Figure 65 : DuPont: Revenue Share, by Business Segment, 2016
Figure 66 : Groupe Danone S.A.: Company Financials, 2014-2016
Figure 67 : Groupe Danone S.A.: Revenue Share, by Business Segment, 2016
Figure 68 : Royal DSM N.V.: Company Financials, 2014-2017
Figure 69 : Royal DSM N.V.: Revenue Share, by Business Segment, 2017
Figure 70 : Mead Johnson Nutrition Co.: Company Financials, 2015-2016
Figure 71 : Mead Johnson Nutrition Co.: Company Financials, by Region, 2016
Figure 72 : Nestle: Company Financials, 2016-2017
Figure 73 : Nestle: Net Sales, by Product, 2017
Figure 74 : Nestle: Revenue, by Region, 2017
Figure 75 : Trend in Nutraceutical International Patent Publication, 2010-2018"

プレスリリース

プレスリリース

Memo.png当レポートのプレスリリースは発行されておりません。

資料検索

お探しの資料・レポートをキーワードで検索ください。

当サイト内の検索結果が表示されます。調査レポートは英文目次を掲載しているため、英語検索も有効です。
(ブラウザのスクリプトを有効にしないとサーチエンジンが表示されません)

お問い合わせ

2714110_0.jpg
レポートをお探しいたします。
当サイトに掲載されているレポート以外にも幅広くご提案可能です。レポートの内容に関するご質問、ご確認にも回答いたします。お気軽にお問い合わせください。